CHAR 

– a guide to CHAR data type for storing the fixed-length string. (1)

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn about MySQL CHAR data type and how to apply it in your database table design.

Introduction to MySQL CHAR data type

The CHAR data type is a fixed-length character type in MySQL. You often declare the CHAR type with a length that specifies the maximum number of characters that you want to store. For example, CHAR(20) can hold up to 20 characters.

If the data that you want to store is a fixed size, then you should use the CHAR data type. You’ll get a better performance in comparison with VARCHAR this case.

The length of the CHAR data type can be any value from 0 to 255. When you store a CHAR value, MySQL pads its value with spaces to the length that you declared.

When you query the CHAR value, MySQL removes the trailing spaces.

Note that MySQL will not remove the trailing spaces if you enable the PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH SQL mode.

Consider the following example.

First, create a table with a CHAR column.

CREATE TABLE mysql_char_test (
    status CHAR(3)
);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

The data type of the  status column is CHAR . It can hold up to 3 characters.

Second, insert two rows into the mysql_char_test table.

INSERT INTO mysql_char_test(status)
VALUES('Yes'),('No');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Third, use the length function to get the length of each CHAR value.

SELECT
    status,
    LENGTH(status)
FROM
    mysql_char_test;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Fourth, insert a CHAR value with the leading and trailing spaces.

INSERT INTO mysql_char_test(status)
VALUES(' Y ');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Finally, query the inserted values, and you will see that MySQL removes the trailing spaces.

SELECT
    status,
    LENGTH(status)
FROM
    mysql_char_test;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Comparing MySQL CHAR values

When storing or comparing the CHAR values, MySQL uses the character set collationassigned to the column.

MySQL does not consider trailing spaces when comparing CHAR values using the comparison operator such as =, <>, >, <, etc.

Notice that the LIKE operator does consider the trailing spaces when you do pattern matching with CHAR values.

In the previous example, we stored the value Y with both leading and trailing spaces. However, when we execute the following query:

SELECT *
FROM mysql_char_test
WHERE status = 'Y';Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

MySQL returns no row because it does not consider the trailing space. To match with the ‘ Y ‘, we need to remove the trailing space as follows:

SELECT *
FROM mysql_char_test
WHERE status = ' Y';Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

MySQL CHAR and UNIQUE index

If the CHAR column has a UNIQUE index and you insert a value that is different from an existing value in a number of trailing spaces, MySQL will reject the changes because of duplicate-key error.

See the following example.

First, create a unique index for the status column of the mysql_char_test table.

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uidx_status
ON mysql_char_test(status);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Second, insert a new row into the mysql_char_test table.

INSERT INTO mysql_char_test(status)
VALUES('N');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Third, insert the following value will cause a duplicate key error.

INSERT INTO mysql_char_test(status)
VALUES('N ');Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)

Error Code: 1062. Duplicate entry 'N' for key 'uidx_status'Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Summary

• MySQL CHAR data type is a fixed-length character type.
• Use the CHAR data type to store fixed-length character data.